KERAJAAN ABBASIYYAH
1.0 PENGENALAN
Kewujudan kerajaan Islam
Abbasiyah bermula daripada perebutan kekuasaan dalam khilafah Islam oleh Bani
Abbas. Propaganda tentang kerajaan Islam Abbasiyah bermula
daripada pemerintahan Khilafah Umar Bin Abdul Aziz (Bani
Umayyah 717-720M). pada awalnya Pusat pentadbiran berpusat di Kota Kuffah dan
Khurasan dibawah pimpinan panglima perang yang tersohor bernama Abu Muslim
al-Khurasani.
Dalam
pertempuran kuasa, Bani Abbas mendapat kemenangan dan menguasai Syria (Syam).
Selepas itu, Kota demi kota dapat dikuasainya. Pada 752M bermulanya kerajaan
Islam Abbasiyyah berdiri dengan Khalifah pertamanya iaitu Abu Abbas al-Sayyah.
Kerajaan ini berkuasa
hingga 1260M.
Dalam
sejarah kerajaan Islam Abbasiyyah, muncul dua kerajaan yang bernaung dibawah
Kerajaan Islam Abbasiyyah, iaitu Kerajaan Islam Fatimiyyah dan Ayubbiyah.
Pada
Kerajaan Islam Fatimiyah inilah berdirinya sebuah tempat pendidikan yang
terkenal, Al-Azhar sejak tahun 970M dimana sehingga kini menjadi pusat
perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan. (khusus kepada keagamaan).
Kebaikan kerajaan
Islam Abbasiyah yang berpusat di Iraq dan Ibu Kotanya Baghdad telah membangun
dan memajukan pelbagai sistem prasarana dalam bidang pemerintahan, ekonomi,
ilmu pengetahuan dan pendidikan, falsafah, keagamaan dan lain-lainnya yang
menjadi asas kehidupan moden sehingga hari ini.
Pendekatan
pendidikan dan pengajaran telah melahirkan ramai sarjana Islam mengkaji dan
mengembangkan pelbagai ilmu dalam bidang kedoktoran, kimia, fizik, astronomi,
matematik, geografi, historiografi, falsafah, kesusasteraan, seni muzik,
tafsir, ilmu hadith, fikih, teologi, bahasa dan tasawuf.
Kemajuan
ilmu pengetahuan dan peradaban umat manusia yang menjadi simbol kemajuan umat
Islam dan umat manusia secara Universal yang berpusat di Baghdad dan
dipelbagai wilayah kekuasaan kerajaan Islam Abbasiyah yang memerintah selama
lebih dari 5 abad (752M-1260M).
2.0 KEMUNCULAN
KERAJAAN ABBASIYYAH
Berdirinya Kerajaan
Abbasiyyah telah diumumkan di Kufah. Kemenangan ini adalah selepas
runtuhnya kerajaan Bani Umayyah yang besar, iaitu satu pimpinan dibawah
Khalifah Marwan bin Muhammad yang berpusat di semenanjung tanah Arab, dan satu
lagi pimpinan oleh Yazid bin Umar bin Hubairah berpusat di Wasit. Sudah
semestinya seluruh tenaga digembling untuk menundukkan khalifah Bani Umayyah
itu terlebih dahulu, kerana kedudukan kerajaan Abbasiyyah tidak akan teguh dan
kukuh selagi khalifah Marwan tidak dijatuhkan.
PEMBUNUHAN TERHADAP MARWAN
Abu-Abass as-Saffah telah
mengirim suatu angkatan tentera terdiri dari panglima-panglima pilihannya untuk
menentang Khalifah Marwan, dan melantik bapa saudaranya Abdullah binAli
memimpin angkatan tentera itu. Khalifah Marwan juga mempunyai satu angkatan
tentera yang besar juga terdiri dari penduduk syam yang mempunyai kekuatan
sejumlah 120000 orang pejuang. Tetapi angkatan tentera yang begitu
besar gagal mendapat kemenangan,
Kedua-dua
angkatan tentera itu telah bertempur di lembah sungai az-Zab,
salah satu cabang Sungai Dajlah (Tigris) dari sebelah timur. Pertempuran
berlaku begitu sengit. Angkatan tentera Khalifah Marwan mempunyai cukup bekal
dan jumlahnya pun besar, sementara angkatan tentera pimpinan Abdullah bin Ali
mempunyai kemahuan untuk mendapat kemenangan, dengan itu semua itu tidak dapat
menundukkan semangat dan keinginan yang terkobar-kobar. Demikianlah angkatan
tentera Abbasiyah mencapai kemenangan terhadap tentera Marwan. Tentera Khalifah
Marwan mengalami kekalahan dalam peperangan penentuan nasib di lembah sungai
az-Zab itu. Sejak itu khalifah Marwan tidak lagi berdaya menyusun kembali
angkatan tenteranya.
Khalifah
Marwan bin Muhammad telah mengundur diri ke Kota Harran.
Abdullah bin Ali Berjaya menjejakinya disana, lalu Khalifah
Marwan undur ke Qinnisirin, di utara Syria, kemudian ke Hims dan akhirnya ke
Damsyik. Tetapi Abdullah bin Ali terus memburunya dan menakluk kota-kota
tersebut. Khalifah Marwan meneruskan pengundurannya ke Palestin dan Mesir.
Abdullah tidak lagi mengejarnya tetapi mengarahkan saudaranya Saleh bin Ali,
supaya memburu Khalifah Marwan yang saat itu berada di kawasan darat Mesir.
Disana berlaku pertempuran terakhir dan tentera Abbassiyyah telah memenggal
kepalanya serta membawanya kepada Abu-Abbas.
Yazid bin Umar bin Hubairah
Setelah Khalifah Marwan tumpas, bala tentera
Abbasiyah pun bertindak untuk menundukkan Yazid bin Umar bin Hubairah yang
merupakan tunggak terakhir bagi Bani Umayyah. Yazid adalah seorang pahlawan
Arab yang menurut Qutaibah, sebagai satu-satunya panglima Arab yang berkuasa ke
atas Kota Kufah dan Basrah dalam suatu dahulu. Dia seorang tua yang tegak dan
tinggi serta merupakan ahli pidato yang lantang dan masih terus memerangi
golongan Abbasiyyah walaupun sudah diumumkan pendirian kerajaan mereka. Tetapi
apabila Khalifah Marwan terbunuh dan berakhirnya pemerintahan Bani Umayyah,
barulah dia berhenti menentang. Demikianlah keadaan Kota Wasit tempat
perlindungan Yazid bin Umar bin Hubairah, benteng terakhir bagi Bani Umayyah
yang sukar dikepung oleh tentera Abbasiyyah, tetapi telah ditawan secara damai.
Ketika
tiba di Marwu sebuah Kota yang besar di Khurasan, pada tahun 130H. Qahtabah bin
Syubaib at-Tha’ie yang baru saja dikirim oleh Ibrahim al-Imam, memimpin
sepasukan tentera terdiri dari rakyat khurasan untuk memerangi tentera Bani
Umayyah, dan seterusnya mencapai kejayaan sampai tiba di Iraq, dimana Yazid
sebagai gabenornya. Qahtabah menyeberangi sungai Euphrates untuk meneruskan tekanan
ke atas Yazid, tetapi Ma’an bin Zaidah asy-Syaiban, salah seorang pahlawan Arab
yang ketika itu ada bersama-sama Yazid, telah menyerang tentera Qahtabah dengan
hebatnya dan Qahtabah sendiri telah mati lemas. Anaknya al-Hasan bin Qahtabah
mengambil tempat bapanya memimpin tentera Abbasiyyah itu dan meneruskan
serangannya melawan tentera Bani Umayyah serta memaksa Yazid, dimana dia dan
pengikutnya berkubu dengan kuat selama sebelas bulan, sampai tiba berita
pembunuhan Khalifah Marwan bin Muhammad yang dibawa oleh Ismail bin Abdullah
al-Qisri yang berkata kepada mereka: “untuk apa lagi kamu menggadai nyawa,
sedangkan marwan telah terbunuh?” lalu mereka pun mengambil sikap untuk
berdamai.
Pihak
Abbasiyyah telah mengarahkan seluruh kekuatan mereka ke Wasit, benteng terakhir
Bani Umayyah, di mana berhimpun pahlawan-pahlawan pilihan bangsa Arab.
Abu-Abbas as-Saffah telah mengirim saudaranya Abu ja’far al-mansyur untuk
membantu al-Hasan bin Qahtabah. Abu Ja’far tahu tentang kekuatan tentera Yazid
dan pahlawan Arab yang mendukungnya. Di samping itu pula Yazid sendiri merasa
peluang untuk menang adalah tipis, setelah terbunuhnya Marwan dan tumbangnya
kerajaan Bani Umayyah.
Maka
dimulakan dialog untuk berdamai di antara kedua belah pihak
melalui utusan-utusan perdamaian. Akhirnya Abu Ja’far al-Mansur menulis surat
kepada Yazid, menawarkan jaminan keselamatan kepadanya. Yazid telah
merundingkan tawaran tersebut dengan sekelompok para ‘Alim selama
40 hari, dan hasilnya ialah beliau menerima baik tawaran itu. Keputusan
tersebut segera diberitahu kepada Abu Ja’far.
Sesudah
dibuat perdamaian damai, Yazid dan pengikut-pengikutnya pun meletak senjata.
Tetapi Abu Muslim al-Khurasani telah menulis surat kepada al-Abbas supaya
dibunuh Yazid. Maka kata-kata Abu Muslim tersebut telah menyebabkan al-Abbas
telah memerintahkan supaya yazid dan pengikutnya dibunuh.
Kerajaan Bani Abbasiyyah ialah
nama yang diberi bagi Khalifah Baghdad Abdullah as-Saffah bin Muhammad bin Ali
bin Abdullah bin al-Abbas, iaitu empayar kedua Islam selepas penyingkiran
pemerintahan Kerajaan Bani Umawiyyah. Pemerintahan Abbasiyyah adalah
berketurunan daripada Al-Abbas, bapa saudara Nabi SAW. Dilahirkan di Hamimah
pada tahun 104H. ibunya ialah Ratbah binti Ubaidullah al-Haritsi. Dilantik
menjadi Khalifah pada 3 Rabi’ul Awal 132H
As-Saffah
ialah salah seorang dari beberapa Khalifah yang mempunyai seorang isteri dan
tidak mempunyai gundik. Mungkin sebab utama iaitu isterinya yang sentiasa
disampingnya.
Oleh
itu, mereka merasakan diri mereka layak untuk menjadi Khalifah memandangkan
sasilah keturunan mereka itu. Bani Umayyah pula ialah salah sebuah daripada
golongan dalam kaum Quraisy yang berlainan daripada keturunan Nabi SAW.
Muhammad
Ibni Ali, cicit kepada Saidina Abbas menjalankan kempen untuk mengembalikan
kuasa pemerintahan kepada keluarga Bani Hashim di Parsi semasa pemerintahan
Khalifah Umar bin Abdul Aziz.
Semasa
pemerintahan Khalifah Marwan II, penentangan ini semakin memuncak dan
berakhirnya pada tahun 750, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Berjaya menewaskan tentera
Umayyah dan kemudiannya dilantik menjadi Khalifah.
Telah
menjadi fakta umum bahawa sesebuah Negara yang tertegak atas proses revolusi
terpaksa menghadapi belbagai cabaran. Demikian halnya dengan kerajaan atau
dawlah Abbasiyah yang Berjaya merebut kuasa daripada kerajaan Bani Umayyah pada
tahun 132H/750M terpaksa menghadapi bermacam-macam rintangan yang timbul akibat
rasa tidak puas hati sebahagian rakyat yang sama-sama berjuang menegakkan
Negara tersebut. Akibatnya, ramai golongan yang menjadi korban, bukan sahaja
semasa perjuangan menegakkan Negara tersebut, tetapi juga dalam proses
mempertahankan Negara daripada dilanda krisis politik.
Kerajaan
Abbasiyah terkenal dalam sejarah Islam sebagai kerajaan yang paling banyak
menghadapi masalah dan paling banyak mengorbankan nyawa manusia atas pelbagai
alasan. Dengan itu, para Khalifah Abbasiyah telah menggunakan segala mekanisme
yang ada demi mengekalkan kekuasaan mereka. Malah mengikut Ibnu Tabatiba,
tindakan para Khalifah Abbasiyah itu bukan sekadar keganasan jinayah, tetapi
juga tipu daya yang dirancang bagi memerangkap musuh-musuh mereka.
Jelasnya,
dalam proses memperkatakan kekuasaan itu para Khalifah Abbasiyah tidak
keberatan bertindak terhadap sesiapa sahaja yang dicurigai tanpa memerlukan
bukti yang kukuh.
Pemerintahan
Abbasiyyah berlanjutan dari tahun 132H-656H. tempohnya ialah selama 524 tahun.
Pada tahun 656H kaum Tatar melanggar dunia Islam. Membunuh Khalifah Abbasiyyah
serta kaum keluarganya dan mengumumkan berakhirnya pemerintahan Abbasiyyah.
Nama-nama Khalifah Pemerintahan
Abbasiyyah
Berikut ialah senarai nama-nama
Khalifah pemerintahan Abbasiyyah, daripada permulaan pemerintahan:
1. Abu Abbas as-Saffah 132H.
2. Abu Ja’far al-Mansur
136H.
3. Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Mahdi
bin al-Mansur 158H.
4. Abu Musa al-Mahdi 169H.
5. Abu Ja’far Harun ar-Rasyid
170H.
6. Abu Musa Muhammad al-Amin
193H.
7. Abu Ja’far Abdullah al-Ma’mun
198H.
8. Abu Ishak Muhammad
al-Mu’tashim 218H.
9. Abu Ja’far Harun al-Watsiq
227H.
10. Abu Fadhl Ja’far
al-Mutawakkil 232H.
11. Abu Ja’far Muhammad
al-Muntasir 247H.
12. Abdul Abbas Ahmad al-Musta’in
248H.
13. Abu Abdullah Muhammad
al-Mu’taz 252H.
14. Abu Ishak Muhammad al-Muhtadi
255H.
15. Abu-Abbas Ahmad al-Mu’tamid
256H.
16. Abu Abbas Ahmad al-Mu’tadhid
279H.
17. Abu Muhammad Ali al-Muktafi 289H.
18. abu Fadhl Ja’far al-Muqtadir
295H.
19. Abu Mansur Muhammad al-Qahir
320H.
20. Abu Abbas Ahmad ar-Radhi
322H.
21. Abu Ishak Ibrahin al-Muttaqi
329H.
22. Abu Qasim Abdullah
al-Mustakfi 333H.
23. Abu Qasim al-Mufadhdhal
al-Muthi’ 334H.
24. Abu fadhl Abdul Karim
at-Tha’I 362H.
25. Abu Abbas Ahmad al-Qadir
381H.
26. Abu Ja’far Abdullah al-Qa’im
422H.
27. Abu Qasim Abdullah al-Muqtadi
467H.
28.Abu Abbas Ahmad al-Mustazhir
487H.
29. Abu Mansur al-Fadhl
al-Mustarsyid 512H.
30. Abu Ja’far al-Mansur ar-Rasyid
529H.
31. Abu Abdullah Muhammad
al-Muqtafi 530H.
32.Abu Muzhaffar al-Mustanjid
555H.
33. Abu Muhammad al-Hasan
al-Mustadhi’ 566H.
34. Abu Abbas Ahmad an-Nashir
575H.
35. Abu Nashr Muhammad az-Zahir
622H.
36. Abu Ja’far al-Mansur
al-Mustanshir 623H.
37. Abu Ahmad Abdullah
al-Musta’shim 640-656H.
Zaman pemerintahan Abbasiyah ini
merupakan puncak zaman sejarah Islam. Di zaman itu kaum Muslimim mulai
berhubungan dengan kebudayaan-kebudayaan asing seperti kebudayaan Parsi,
kebudayaan Hindu, dan kebudayaan Greek, dan telah menterjemahkan karya-karya
penyelidikan yang terpenting ke dalam bahasa Arab.
Walaupun
banyak sumber-sumber asli yang diterjemahkan itu telah hilang, dan yang tinggal
hanya terjemahan-terjemahan dalam bahasa Arab sahaja, namun terus terpelihara
sebagai kebudayaan-kebudayaan yang amat tinggi nilainya. Malahan di samping
menterjemah, kaum muslimin juga telah melengkapi terjemahan tersebut, dengan
memberi kritikan dan mencipta yang baru. Hasilnya kebudayaan mereka itu
berpindah pula ke barat melalui Sepanyol dan Eropah yang selanjutnya telah
menjadi salah satu sebab terpenting kebangkitan Eropah.
3.0 GERAKKAN
BANI ABBASIYAH
Terdapat dua cara gerakkan Bani
Abbasiyah.Berikut merupakan cara gerakan Bani Abbasiyah :
Gerakan secara Sulit
Kerajaan Abbasiyah tertubuh pada
awal kurun kedua Hijrah (98H) pada masa pemerintahan Khalifah Umar bin
Abd.Aziz. Pengasasnya ialah Ali bin Abdullah yang kemudiannya digantikan oleh
anaknya Muhammad bin Ali. Gerakkan ini berselindung dibawah nama Bani Hasyim
(Alawiyeen dan Ahlil Bait). Pada masa ini mereka tidak menggunakan nama
Abbasiyah dengan tujuan untuk menarik sokongan Syiah dan mengelakkan berlakunya
perpecahan. Setelah Pemimpin pemberontakan Syiah iaitu Hasyim bin Muhammad
menyerahkan kuasanya kepada Ali bin Abdullah pada tahun 98 Hijrah maka Humaimah
telah dijadikan sebagai pusat gerakkan dan cawangannya ialah Kufah dan
Khurasan. Di Kufah masih terdapat cadangan untuk mengembalikan hak khalifah
kepada keturunan Rasulullah / Bani Hasyim.
Khurasan terletak jauh dari
Damsyik (Pusat pemerintahan Kerajaan Umaiyah, dan lebih mudah mendapat pengaruh
kerana penduduknya pernah menerima layanan buruk dari Kerajaan Umaiyah.
Gerakkan pemberontakkan ini lebih giat dan aktif pada zaman pemerintahan
Khalifah Umar bin Abd.Aziz kerana sikap Khalifah yang sangat berlemah lembut.
Setelah Ali bin Abdullah meninggal dunia, beliau telah digantikan oleh anaknya
iaitu Muhammad bin Ali pada tahun 117 Hijrah. Selepas itu,pemerintahan diganti
oleh Ibrahim bin Muhammad pada tahun125 Hijrah.
Gerakan Secara Terbuka
Pada tahun 747M / 129H Ibrahim
bin Muhammad menaikkan bendera hitam di Khurasan sebagai cabaran kepada
kerajaan Bani Umaiyah (pada ketika itu menggunakan bendera putih). Abu Muslim
al Khurasani, pemimpin utama dalam rangka mendirikan Kerajaan Bani Abbasiyah
telah berjaya menakluki Meru (ibu kota Khurasan). Pada ketika itu Nassar bin
Saiyar (gabenor Umaiyah di Khurasan) meminta bantuan Khalifah Marwan tetapi
gagal mendapat apa-apa bantuan dan beliau meninggal tidak lama kemudian.
Selain itu, beliau juga berjaya menakluki Kufah pada tahun 749M /
131H. Kemudian, Ibrahim bin Muhammad terbunuh dalam peperangan lalu digantikan
oleh saudaranya Abdullah bin Muhammad (Abu al Abbas al-Saffah). Selepas itu,
Abu al-Abbas mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai Khalifah Kerajaan Bani Abbasiyah
pada tahun 750M / 132H. Walaupun begitu, Khalifah Marwan tidak putus asa lalu
bergerak dengan 12,000 tentera dari Harrah manakala tentera Abbasiyah dipimpin
oleh Abdullah bin Ali (bapa saudara al-Abbas). Kedua-dua tentera ini bertemu di
tebing kiri sungai Zab pada tahun 750M. Tentera Marwan mengalami kekalahan dan
Khalifah Marwan lari ke Mesir.
Pada 25 April 750 Masihi Damsyik
berjaya ditawan oleh tentera Bani Abbasiyah dan walaupun Khalifah Marwan lari
ke Mesir tetapi dapat diburu oleh tentera Abbasiyah dan beliau berjaya dibunuh
di satu daerah bernama Bousir / Busir pada 5 Ogos 750 Masihi dan kepalanya
dihantar ke Kufah
4.0 FAKTOR
KEGEMILANGAN ZAMAN ABBASIYAH
Zaman Abbasiyah sememangnya
terkenal dengan kegemilangannya dalam sistem pentadbiran negara Islam selepas
kegemilangan Kerajaan Umaiyyah.Terdapat beberapa faktor yang mencetuskan
kegemilangan kerajaan Abbasiyah. Faktor yang pertama ialah mengamalkan sistem
pentadbiran berpusat yang sistematik dan mantap yang diketuai oleh seorang
khalifah. Selain itu, bidang kuasa jabatan-jabatan yang ditubuhkan akan dinilai
dari semasa ke semasa agar ia benar-benar telus dan terurus.terdapat juga
jabatan-jabatan baru yang diwujudkan untuk melicinkan sistem pentadbiran Negara
pada ketika itu.
Dari segi
ekonomi, kerajaan Abbasiyah banyak memberi tumpuan kepada tiga sector utama
iaitu sektor pertanian, sektor perindustrian dan sektor perdagangan. Pelbagai
usaha telah dilakukan untuk memajukan sektor-sektor ini agar ia tetap memberi
hasil kepada Negara dan rakyat. Selain itu, dari segi infrastruktur fizikal dan
intelektual juga disediakan kepada rakyat seperti kemudahan hospital, sekolah,
perpustakaan dan pusat perniagaan. Hal ini menyebabkan segala keperluan rakyat
tersedia dan tidak membebankan rakyat dan dapat menikmati kehidupan yang aman
dan tenteram tanpa sebarang masalah besar yang timbul.
Dari
aspek pertahanan pula perubahan drastik telah dilakukan dengan memberi peluang
kepada orang bukan Arab untuk menyertai pasukan ketenteraan.Di samping itu, dasar
pertahanan juga turut diubah daripada hanya memberi tumpuan kepada perluasan
kuasa kepada aktiviti-aktiviti untuk membendung pemberontakan.
Kestabilan
politik juga menyumbang kepada factor kegemilangan kerajaan Abbasiyah.Pihak
kerajaan pemerintah memberikan perhatian yang serius terhadap pembasmian
pemberontakan dan perbalahan antara puak-puak yang ada pada zaman pemerintahan
kerajaan Abbasiyah.Di samping itu,dasar politik kerajaan Abbasiyah adalah
memberikan layanan yang adil kepada semua rakyat tanpa mengira bangsa dan
keturunan serta banyak menjalinkan hubungan diplomatik yang baik dengan
Negara-negara luar.
Kedudukan
Baghdad yang strategik juga mempengaruhi kegemilangan kerajaan zaman
Abbasiyah.Hal ini demikian kerana,kedudukan Baghdad berada di tengah-tengah
laluan para pedagang dari timur dan barat bahkan ia juga merupakan pusat
kegiatan perdagangn dan pusat pertemuan sarjana dari timur dan barat.
Selain
itu,perpaduan antara kaum juga dititikberatkan dengan memberi layanan yang adil
kepada semua bangsa seperti Turki,Parsi dan Arab dan mereka diberikan hak yang
sama untuk menjawat jawatan dalam negara.Orang bukan Islam juga diberi layanan
yang baik selagi mana mereka tidak mengkhianati kerajaan Islam dengan cara
bebas mengamalkan ajaran masing-masing.
5.0 FAKTOR
KEMEROSOTAN KERAJAAN ABBASIYAH
Terdapat beberapa faktor yang
menyebabkan jatuhnya empayar kerajaan Abbasiyah yang dapat diambil pengajaran
daripadanya. Faktor pertama yang menyebabkan kemerosotan atau kejatuhan
pemerintahan zaman Abbasiyah adalah faktor kelemahan pemerintah pada ketika
itu. Kerajaan Abbasiyah pada ketika itu di bawah kekuasaan Al-Wasiqm dan beliau
tidak melakukan sebarang pembaharuan dalam sistem pemerintahan dibawah
kekuasaannya. Beliau hanya bergantung kepada pegawai-pegawai Turki untuk
mentadbir negara.
Disebabkan hal ini tiada
perubahan ia menyebabkan saudara al-wasiq iaitu Al-Mutawakkil mengambil alih
takhta pemerintahan dan cuba untuk mengembalikan kegemilangan pentadbiran
khalifah tanpa ada campur tangan oleh pegawai berbangsa Turki dan Parsi.
Malangnya, usaha beliau tidak dapat diteruskan kerana pengaruh Turki dan Parsi begitu
kuat mengusai percaturan politik kerajaan Abbasaiyah.
Selain itu, terdapat juga masalah
lain yang timbul sehingga berlakunya kejatuhan pemerintahan kerajaan Abbasiyah.
Masalah tersebut adalah berlakunya perpecahan wilayah di bawah kekuasaan
kerajaan Abbasiyah. Peristiwa bersejarah ini berlaku pada akhir kurun ke-9 masihi. Impak peristiwa
ini telah menunjukkan bahawa kuasa khalifah semakin terbatas dan ia sememangnya
memberi pengaruh negatif yang besar terhadap kerajaan Abbasiyah. Akibat
daripada peristiwa ini juga menyebabkan banyak jawatan penting kerajaan
disandang oleh bangsa Turki dan Parsi. Kesan daripada itu ialah bangsa-bangsa
ini mula mengorak langkah dengan menubuhkan kerajaan dan pengaruh mereka
sendiri dan kesan yang paling buruk sekali ialah berlakunya keruntuhan
kekuasaan kerajaan Abbasiyah.
Selain itu, setiap sejarah
kerajaan yang memerintah mesti mempunyai permasalahan yang berkaittan dengan
kuasa pemerintahan. Begitu juga berlaku dalam pemerintahan kerajaan Abbasiyah.
Permasalah yang berlaku berkaitan dengan perebutan kuasa ialah terjadi apabila
putera-putera al-mutawakkil bertegang urat dan bergaduh merebut kuasa untuk
menjadi khalifah. Oleh sebab itu, kerajaan Abbasiyah menjadi lemah dari aspek
pentadbiran dan menyebabkan berlakunya perpecahan kerajaan Abbasiyah.
Ekonomi memainkan peranan yang
penting dalam membentuk sesebuah kerajaan yang mantap dan kukuh serta mampu
bersaing dengan kerajaan-kerajaan lain yang sememangnya diakui kukuhnya sistem
pemerintahannya. Begitu juga yang diperlukan oleh kerajaan Abbasiyah untuk
membentuk kerajaan islam yang mantap dan disegani oleh penduduk dunia pada
ketika itu. Tetapi disebabkan masalah kegawatan ekonomi yang melanda
menyebabkan kerajaan Abbasiyah menjadi tidak stabil. Kesan daripada masalah
kegawatan ekonomi membawa kepada munculnya masalah rusuhan dan pemberontakan
pada akhir zaman kegemilangan Abbasiyah dan sekaligus mengganggu perkembangan
kerajaan Abbasiyah pada ketika itu.
Selain itu, kesan daripada
kegawatan ekonomi yang melanda menyebabkan para pedagang tidak lagi berkunjung
ke Baghdad dan ini menyebabkan dana yang tersimpan di baitulmal semakin merosot
nilainya berbanding dengan peruntukan yang dikeluarkan.
Di samping masalah kegawatan
ekonomi yang melanda pemerintahan kerajaan Abbasiyah, terdapat juga masalah
perselisihan aliran fahaman keagamaan yang timbul tanpa disangka.Pemberontakan
sering berlaku ke atas pemerintahan kerajaan Abbasiyah dan ini menyebabkan
sistem pemerintahan menjadi tidak teratur dan kacau-bilau. Antara pihak yang
bertanggungjawab dalam agenda pemberontakan terhadap kerajaan Abbasiyah ialah
pemberontak dari golongan Syiah. Selain itu, terdapat juga satu lagi golongan
yang seangkatan dengan golongan Syiah yang melakukan pemberontakan iaitu
pemberontak dari golongan Khawarij. Hal ini demikian kerana kedua-dua golongan
pemberontak ini berpendapat bahawa jawatan khalifah hanya layak disandang oleh
pemimpin dari kalangan kumpulan mereka sahaja. Hal ini telah menyebabkan
keamanan dan ketenteraman Negara telah terganggu dan rakyat hidup dalam keadaan
yang tertekan dan kehidupan menjadi tidak tentu arah.
Kerajaan Abbasiyah juga terpaksa
menghadapi serangan dari luar yang berhasrat untuk melihat kegemilangan
kerajaan Abbasiyah jatuh menjunam dan terus tersungkur. Pada akhir zaman
pemerintahan kerajaan Abbasiyah, musuh-musuh dari utara iaitu dari Gorgia dan
Armenia telah menyerang kerajaan Abbasiyah dan menyebabkan kerajaan menjadi
tidak stabil. Selain itu, pihak barat juga telah menyerang kerajaan Abbasiyah
iaitu ketika berlakunya Perang Salib serta kerajaan Monggol dari kawasan timur
turut menyerang kerajaan Abbasiyah. Hal ini menyebabkan kerajaan Abbasiyah
tidak dapat bertahan lama dan akhirnya terus jatuh dan berakhirnya zaman
kegemilangan kerajaan Abbasiyah.
6.0 KEMAJUAN
YANG DICAPAI OLEH KERAJAAN ABASIYYAH
Penterjemahan Ilmu Pengetahuan
Memang tidak dapat dinafikan
bahawa orang islam di abad permulaan kelahiran Islam adalah merupakan golongan
masyarakat yang rajin belajar dan rajin mencari ilmu pengetahuan. Factor yang
besar berlaku demikian ialah kerana agama Islam sendiri sentiasa menggesa
umatnya supaya belajar walaupun terpaksa berhijrah ke rantau yang jauh. Bahkan
agama Islam menjadikan belajar dan mencari ilmu pengetahuan itu adalah satu
perkara fardhu yang diwajibkan. Walaupun fardhu itu pada peringkat farhdu
kifayah sahaja, tetapi sudah cukup untuk dijadikan dorongan utama kea rah itu.
Sebagaimana
yang diketahui bahawa Nabi Muhammad SAW adalah seorang Rasul yang tidak tahu
membaca dan menulis. Oleh yang demikian, sepeninggalannya tidak ada apa-apa
warisan tentang buku-buku atau pun kutub Khazanah selain daripada al-Quran dan
Hadis. Tetapi oleh kerana dorongan dari al-Quran dan Hadis itu sangat kuat
meminta umat Islam supaya belajar, dan asasnya secara umum telah pun ada di
dalam kedua-dua kitab yang berlainan, maka usaha-usaha secara serius telah
dijalankan walaupun menghadapi pelbagai kesukaran. Mereka belajar melalui
sesiapa sahaja yang ingin mengajar mereka. Mereka menjemput cerdik pandai
daripada berbagai bangsa dan agama serta menjemput pendita-pendita dari luar
negeri datang ke pusat pengajian mereka dengan bayaran gaji yang lumayan dan
layanan yang istimewa.
Oleh
kerana tidak mempunyai buku ilmu pengetahuan yang lengkap, maka buku-buku dari
bahasa asing diterjemahkan secara besar-besaran ke dalam bahasa Arab.
Tugas-tugas terjemahan ini adalah penting dan dianggap sebagai
sumber pemikiran Islam di samping al-Quran dan Hadis. Bagi tujuan itu, terpaksa
terlebih dahulu belajar bahasa-bahasa yang berkenaan sehingga lahirlah di
kalangan mereka cerdik pandai yang dapat menguasai berbagai bahasa, seperti
bahasa Parsi, Yunani, Hindu dan lain-lain. Jabir bin Hayyan terkenal di
kalangan orang Eropah dengan nama “Geber” adalah seorang penterjemah Islam yang
paling handal dan cekap sekali. Di samping itu, ia juga seorang ahli sains dan
sasterawan yang terbilang pada zaman kerajaan Abbasiyyah.
Gerakan
penterjemahan telah sampai kemuncaknya pada zaman pemerintahan Khalifah
al-Makmum, di mana terdapat sebuah akademi khas di Baghdad yang didirikan untuk
tugas-tugas terjemahan. Di dalam akademi ini diterjemahkan buku-buku penting
dari pelbagai bahasa ke bahasa Arab. Yahya bin Masaweh telah dilantik sebagai
pengetuai akademi itu. Beliau juga diketahui telah menterjemahkan banyak buku
perubatan untuk Khalifah Harun al-Rashid.
Di
samping itu juga, hasil daripada usaha-usaha penterjemahan maka lahirlah cerdik
pandai Islam dari orang-orang Arab yang menuntut ilmu pengetahuan dari
kitab-kitab asing yang diterjemahkan. Mereka telah dapat membaca dalam
buku-buku yang terpenting yang ditulis oleh Hippocrates, Galen Plonlemy dan
lain-lain buku serta ulasan.
Mereka
kemudiannya bekerja keras di semua pusat pengajian Islam di dunia Islam waktu
itu untuk mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan. Antara bidang-bidang ilmu pengetahuan
yang mendapat tumpuan ialah ilmu perubatan, ilmu astronomi, ilmu kimia dan
lain-lain.
Astronomi
Dalam bidang ilmu astronomi,
Khalifah al-Makmum merupakan pelopor utama mendirikan pusat penyelidikan ilmu
yang berkenaan dengan menggunakan alat-alat yang sudah agak sempurna dan
teratur di Baghdad. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui gerak-geri bintang di langit
supaya mereka dapat mengetahui perihal musim-musim dan perjalanan angin, tidak
sebagaimana ahli astronomi sebelum Islam dahulu kala yang bertujuan mengetahui
nasib baik dan nasib buruk yang akan menimpa menusia.
Mahaguru yang utama Ilmu
Astronomi yang terhandal di waktu itu ialah al-Khawarizmi. Beliau telah
menyelidiki kitab-kitab ilmu yang berkenaan dari umat India, Parsi, Yunani dan
Mesir, kemudian memberi pendapatnya menurut lunas-lunas Islam. Dengan usahanya
orang-orang Islam tidak lagi banyak terpengaruh oleh khayalan dan dongengan
zaman silam.
7.0 PERKEMBANGAN
EKONOMI ZAMAN ABBASIYAH
Perkembangan ekonomi pada zaman
kerajaan Abbasiyah bermula pada pemerintahan Khalifah Abu Ja’far
al-Mansur. Pada ketika itu, beliau memindahkan pusat pemerintahan kerajaan dari
Damsyik ke Baghdad dan disitulah terbina dan bermulanya Baghdad. Ia dibina
bersebelahan dengan Sungai Dajlah (Sungai Tigris) dan berbentuk
bulatan serta mempunyai empat buah pintu. Kota Baghdad pada masa itu dibina
dengan dikelilingi benteng-benteng yang kukuh serta ditengahnya dibina Masjid
Jamek al-Mansur.
Keistimewaan Baghdad Dari Segi
Ekonomi
Baghdad merupakan satu tempat
atau lokasi yang amat istimewa dari segi ekonomi. Hal ini demikian kerana
kedudukannya yang strategik dan ia merupakan laluan perdagangan oleh pedagang
dari Timur dan Barat. Selain itu, Kota Baghdad juga terdapat sebuah pasar yang
dikenali sebagai ‘Suk Baghdad’ yang menjadi tumpuan para pedagang dari Parsi. Di
samping itu, terdapat juga ladang pertanian dan ternakan serta terdapat juga
sebuah pasar yang dikenali sebagai ‘Suk al-Baqar’.
Sumber Utama Kewangan Zaman
Abbasiyah
Sumber utama kewangan kerajaan
Abbasiyah pada waktu itu terbahagi kepada tiga. Sumber yang pertama ialah hasil
daripada kegiatan perdagangan yang sememangnya banyak menghasilkan keuntungan
dan dapat menambah lagi kewangan pada waktu itu supaya stabil dan dapat
diguunakan untuk pembangunan.
Sumber
utama yang kedua pula ialah daripada hasil perindustrian yang banyak membuahkan
hasil dan memberi peluang pekerjaan kepada penduduk setempat.
Sumber utama yang ketiga
pula ialah dari hasil sektor pertanian. Sememangnya telah diketahui bahawa
sektor pertanian membuahkan banyak hasil yang lumayan. Oleh itu, tidak
hairanlah sektor pertanian menjadi salah satu daripada tiga sumber utama
kewangan kerajaan Abbasiyah pada ketika itu.
8.0 KESIMPULAN
Setelah dihayati dan dipelajari
daripada kisah kegemilangan Kerajaan Abbasiyah banyak pengajaran dan ikhtibar
yang dapat diambil daripadanya. Antaranya adalah banyak kemajuan sains dan
teknologi Eropah diambil dari zaman kegemilanagn Abbasiyah melalui tentera
salib ketika berperang dengan barat.
Selain
itu, ciri-ciri kubu pertahanan juga dapat diambil pengajarannya daripada
teknik-teknik ketenteraan dan ilmu-ilmu ketenteraan semasa bertempur
dengan eropah.
TRANSLATE
INTRODUCTION
The existence of the Abbasid Islamic government starts from
the power struggle within the Islamic caliphate by Bani Abbas. Government
propaganda about the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate beginning of the reign of Umar
bin Abdul Aziz (Bani Umayyad 717-720M). initially based administrative center
in Kota Kuffah and Khurasan under the leadership of the renowned warlord named
Abu Muslim al-Khorasani.
In the battle of Bani Abbas victory and Syria (Sham). Thereafter, the City by
the city can control. At the beginning of the Islamic government 752M Abbasid
Caliph first stand of Abu Abbas al-Sayyah. Government authorities to 1260M.
In the history of the Abbasid Islamic government, appearing two governments
under the auspices of the Government of the Islamic Abbasid, the Fatimid
Islamic government and Ayubbiyah.
In this Fatimid Islamic government stands a famous educational institutions,
Al-Azhar since 970M which until now a center for knowledge. (specific to
religious).
Benefits of the Abbasid Islamic government based in Iraq and the capital city
of Baghdad has been developing and advancing the infrastructure system in the
field of government, economy, science and education, philosophy, religion, and
others that form the basis of modern life today.
Approach to education and teaching has produced many Islamic scholars to review
and expand the range of knowledge in medicine, chemistry, physics, astronomy,
mathematics, geography, historiography, philosophy, literature, art, music,
interpretation, knowledge of hadith, fiqh, theology, language and mysticism.
Progress of science and civilization that became a symbol of the progress of
the Muslims and humanity as Universal is based in Baghdad and varied territory
of the Abbasid Islamic government that ruled for more than five centuries
(752M-1260M).
EMERGENCE Abbasids
The Government has announced the
establishment of the Abbasids in Kufa. This victory was after the collapse of
the Umayyad government, ie one under the leadership of Caliph Marwan bin
Muhammad who is based in the peninsula of Arabia, and another led by Yazid bin
Umar bin Hubairah based in Wasit. Of course, the whole energy geared to subdue
the Umayyad caliphate in advance, because the government will not Abbasid
strong and good as long as the caliph Marwan be dropped.
SLAUGHTER OF Marwan
Abu-Abass Al-Saffah
has sent an army consisting of the commanders of his choice against the Caliph
Marwan, and appointed his uncle Abdullah binAli lead armies. Caliph Marwan also
has a large army is made up of people who have the strength of Syam number
120000 fighters. But the armed forces are so large failed to get a victory,
Both armies
were fighting in al-Zab river valley, one of the branches of the River Tigris
(Tigris) from the east. So fierce clashes. Army of Caliph Marwan has been
pretty fed large amounts, while the military leadership of Abdullah bin Ali has
a desire for victory, so all is not able to subdue the spirit and desire
terkobar flagged. Thus the Abbasid army victory over the forces of Marwan.
Caliph Marwan military defeat in the war-determination in the river valley
az-Zab it. Since the caliph Marwan no longer able to reorganize his forces.
Caliph Marwan bin Muhammad had retreated to the city of Harran. Abdullah bin
Ali successfully locate there, then back to the Caliph Marwan Qinnisirin, in
northern Syria, then to Hims and finally to Damascus. But Abdullah bin Ali
continued to hunt and conquer the cities. Caliph Marwan continue retreat to
Palestine and Egypt. Abdullah is no longer chasing her but ordered his brother
Saleh bin Ali, the Caliph Marwan hunting so that when it is in the land of
Egypt. There occurred the last battle and military Abbassiyyah have cut off his
head and brought it to Abu-Abbas.
Yazid bin Umar bin Hubairah
After the defeat of
Caliph Marwan, the Abbasid army acted to subdue Yazid bin Umar bin Hubairah
which is the last pillar of the Umayyads. Yazid is an Arab warrior by Qutaiba,
as the only Arab commander in charge of the City of Kufa and Basra in a first.
He was an old man and an upright and highly articulate orator and still
continue to fight against the Abbasid though they already announced the
government's stance. But when the Caliph Marwan was killed and the end of the
Umayyad rule, then he quit against. Thus the umpire City shelter Yazid bin Umar
bin Hubairah, the last bastion of Bani Umayyad difficult besieged by the
Abbasids, but was captured peacefully.
When he arrived at Marwu a large city in Khorasan, in the year 130H. Qahtabah
bin Syubaib at-Tha'ie recently sent by Ibrahim al-Imam, led an army composed of
citizens of Khurasan to combat the Umayyad army, and achieve success until
arriving in Iraq, where Yazid as governor. Qahtabah crossed the Euphrates river
to continue the pressure on Yazid, but Ma'an bin Zaidah ash-Syaiban, one Arab
warrior who was there along with Yazid, had been attacked with a great army and
Qahtabah Qahtabah own suffocated. His son al-Hasan bin Qahtabah take his
father's place leading the Abbasid army and continued his attack against the
Umayyad army and forces of Yazid, where he and his followers firmly entrenched
for eleven months, until the news arrived assassination of Caliph Marwan bin
Muhammad brought by Ismail bin Abdullah al -Qisri who said to them, "for
what you are risking their lives, while Marwan was killed?" then they take
a stand for peace.
The Abbasids had directed all their strength to the umpire, the last bastion of
the Umayyads, in which the assembled warriors selection Arabs. Abu-Abbas
as-Saffah has sent his brother Abu Ja'far al-Mansyur to help al-Hasan bin
Qahtabah. Abu Ja'far Yazid know about military power and Arab warriors who
uphold it. In addition it was Yazid own chances of winning are slim, after the
assassination of Marwan and the Umayyad government collapse.
Thus began a dialogue for peace between the two sides through the messengers of
peace. Finally, Abu Jafar al-Mansur wrote a letter to Yazid, offering security
to him. Yazid has negotiated deals with a group of intellects for 40 days, and
the result is that he received a good offer. The decision was immediately told
to Abu Ja'far.
Made after the peace treaty, Yazid and his followers even disarm. But Abu
Muslim al-Khorasani has written a letter to al-Abbas that killed Yazid. Then
the words of Abu Muslim has caused al-Abbas has ordered yazid and his followers
were killed.
Abbasid government is
the name given to the caliph of Baghdad as-Saffah Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Ali
bin Abdullah bin al-Abbas, the second Islamic empire after the reign of the
Government of Bani Umawiyyah removal. Abbasid rule is descended from Al-Abbas,
the Prophet's uncle. Hamimah born in 104H. His mother was the daughter Ratbah
Ubaidullah al-Haritsi. Appointed as Caliph in 3 Rabi'ul Early 132H
As-Saffah is one of the few Caliph had a wife and not a concubine. Perhaps the
main reason that his wife, who is always beside her.
Therefore, they feel that they deserve to be Caliph as sasilah their
descendants. Umayyads also is one of the groups in different Quraish descendant
of the Prophet Muhammad.
Muhammad son of Ali, the great grandson of Umar Abbas, ran a campaign to
restore sovereignty to the family of Bani Hashim in Persia during the reign of
Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz.
During the reign of Caliph Marwan II, this opposition has peaked and the end of
the year 750, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah successfully defeated the Umayyad and
later became caliph.
Has become common fact that a State is erected on the Admiralty had to face the
challenges of the revolution. Such is the case with the government or the
Abbasid Dawlah Successful seize power from the Umayyad government in 132H /
750m had to face all sorts of obstacles arising from dissatisfaction with some
of the people that work together to fight to uphold the country. As a result,
many of the victims are not only the struggle of the country, but also in the
process of defending the country from political crisis.
Famous Abbasid government in the history of Islam as most government faced many
difficulties and most human sacrifice on a variety of grounds. Thus, the
Abbasid caliph was using all the tools that are available in order to maintain
their power. In fact, according to Ibn Tabatiba, the actions of the Abbasid
Caliph jinayah not just violence, but also intrigue designed to trap their
enemies.
Obviously, the process deals with the authority of the Abbasid Caliph would not
mind acting against anyone suspected without solid evidence.
Abbasid reign lasted
from the year 132H-656H. the period is over 524 years old. 656H in violation of
the Tatar Muslim world. Kill the caliph and his family and announced an end to
the reign of the Abbasids.
The names of the Abbasid Caliphate
The
following is a list of the names of the Abbasid Caliphate rule, from the
beginning of the rule:
1 Abu Abbas as-Saffah
132H.
2 Abu Jafar al-Mansur
136H.
3 Abu Abdullah
Muhammad al-Mahdi bin al-Mansur 158H.
4 Abu Musa al-Mahdi
169H.
5 Abu Ja'far Harun
ar-Rashid 170H.
6 Abu Musa Muhammad
al-Amin 193H.
7 Abu Ja'far Abdullah
al-Ma'mun 198H.
8 Abu Ishak Muhammad
al-Mu'tashim 218H.
9 Abu Ja'far Harun
al-Watsiq 227H.
10. Fadhl Abu Ja'far
al-Mutawakkil 232H.
11 Abu Ja'far
Muhammad al-Muntasir 247H.
12 Abdul Abbas Ahmad
al-Musta'in 248H.
13 Abu Abdullah
Muhammad al-Mu'taz 252H.
14 Abu Ishak Muhammad
al-Muhtadi 255H.
15 Abu-Abbas Ahmad
al-Mu'tamid 256H.
16 Abu Abbas Ahmad
al-Mu'tadhid 279H.
17 Abu Muhammad Ali
al-289H Latin America.
18 abu Ja'far
al-Muqtadir Fadhl 295H.
19 Abu Mansur
Muhammad al-Qahir 320H.
20 Abu Abbas Ahmad
ar-Radhi 322H.
21 Abu Ishak
al-Muttaqi Ibrahin 329H.
22 Abu al-Qasim
Abdullah Mustakfi 333H.
23 Abu al-Qasim
al-Muthi Mufadhdhal '334H.
24 Abu fadhl Abdul
Karim at-Tha'I 362H.
25 Abu Abbas Ahmad
al-Qadir 381H.
26 Abu Ja'far
Abdullah al-Qa'im 422H.
27 Abu al-Qasim
Abdullah Muqtadi 467H.
28.Abu Abbas Ahmad
al-Mustazhir 487H.
29 Abu Mansur
al-Fadhl al-Mustarsyid 512H.
30 Abu Jafar
al-Mansur Rasyid 529H.
31. Abu Abdullah
Muhammad al-Muqtafi 530H.
32.Abu Muzhaffar
al-Mustanjid 555H.
33 Abu Muhammad
al-Hasan al-Mustadhi '566H.
34 Abu Abbas Ahmad
an-Nasir 575H.
35 Abu Muhammad
az-Zahir Nashr 622H.
36 Abu Jafar
al-Mansur al-Mustanshir 623H.
37 Abu Ahmad Abdullah
al-Musta'shim 640-656H.
Abbasid
reign is the peak period of Islamic history. In those days MUSLIM first contact
with foreign cultures such as Persian culture, Hindu culture and Greek culture,
and has translated the works of the most important research into Arabic.
Although many natural resources which translated is lost, and left only the
translations in Arabic only, but is preserved as cultures invaluable. In fact,
in addition to translating, the Muslims also have the complete translation,
with criticism and create a new one. As a result of their culture was
transferred to western Europe via Spain and further has become one of the most
important reasons of Europe.
Move the Abbasid Empire
There are two ways to move the Children Abbasiyah.Berikut is
how movement Abbasid Empire:
Motion Confidential
Abbasid government was
formed at the beginning of the second century AH (98H) during the reign of
Caliph Umar bin Abd.Aziz. Founder was Ali bin Abdullah, who was later succeeded
by his son Muhammad bin Ali. Move is hiding under the name of Banu Hashim
(Alawiyeen and Ahlil Temple). At this time they do not use the name of the
Abbasid in order to attract the support of Shiite and avoid discord. The leader
of the Shiite uprising after Hashim bin Muhammad hand over power to Ali bin
Abdullah in the year 98 AH then Humaimah was made the move and its tributaries
are Kufa and Khorasan. In Kufa still are proposals to restore rights to the
caliph of the Prophet / Banu Hashim.
Khurasan is far from
Damascus (Central Government Umayyad rule, and more susceptible to influence
because people had received bad service from the Umayyad government. Move this
revolt and be more active during the reign of Caliph Umar bin Khalifah Abd.Aziz
because of the very gentle. After Ali bin Abdullah died, he was succeeded by
his son, Muhammad bin Ali in the year 117 H. Subsequently, the government
replaced by Ibrahim bin Muhammad on the Hijrah tahun125.
Openly movement
In 747M / 129H Ibrahim
bin Muhammad raised black flags in Khurasan as a challenge to the government of
Bani Umayyad (at that time the white flag) .Abu Muslim al-Khorasani, key
leaders in order to establish the Kingdom of the Abbasid Empire was conquered
Meru (the capital of Khorasan) . At that time, Nassar bin Saiyar (Umayyad
governor of Khurasan) asking for help Caliph Marwan, but failed to get any help
and he died soon after.
In addition, he also
managed to conquer Kufah in 749M / 131H.Kemudian, Ibrahim bin Muhammad was
killed in the battle and was replaced by his brother Abdullah ibn Muhammad (Abu
al-Abbas al-Saffah) After that, Abu al-Abbas declares himself as the Caliph
Government Abbasid Empire in 750 m / 132H.Walaupun so, the Caliph Marwan not
despair and go with 12,000 troops from Harrah while Abbasid army led by
Abdullah bin Ali (his uncle al-Abbas) .Kedua two armies met on the left bank of
the river Zab in the 750m. Military defeat and the Caliph Marwan Marwan fled to
Egypt.
On April 25, 750 BC
Damascus was conquered by the army of the Abbasid Empire and even the Caliph
Marwan fled to Egypt but was pursued by the Abbasid army and he was killed in
an area called Bousir / Busir on 5 August 750 AD, and his head was sent to Kufa
4.0 FACTORS GLORY Abbasid
Abbasid era is famous
for its glorious Islamic system in the country's administration after the
Government glory Umaiyyah.Terdapat several factors that lead to the glory of
the Abbasid government. The first factor is a system of centralized
administration in a systematic and well-established, headed by a caliph.
Moreover, the jurisdiction of the departments established will be evaluated
from time to time so that it is completely transparent and manageable. There
are also new departments created to facilitate the administration of the system
at that time.
On
the economic front, the government Abbasid much focus on three main sectors,
namely agriculture, industrial and commercial sectors. Various efforts have
been made to develop these sectors so that it will provide revenue to the State
and the people. Moreover, in terms of physical and intellectual infrastructure
is also available to people such as hospitals, schools, library and business
center. This causes all the needs of the people available and not burden the
people and be able to enjoy a life of peace and quiet without any significant
problems that arise.
On the defensive about drastic changes have been made to provide an opportunity
for non-Arabs to join the team of military. In addition, defense policy has
also changed from just focusing on the expansion of the activities to curb the
insurgency.
Political stability also contribute to the glory factor Abbasiyah.The ruling
government to give serious attention to the eradication of rebellion and strife
between the tribes that are on government reign Abbasiyah.Di addition, the
political policy of the Abbasid government is giving fair treatment to all
citizens regardless of race and ethnicity as well as a lot of good diplomatic
relations with foreign countries.
Baghdad strategic
position also affects the glory days of the Abbasid government. This is so
because, the Baghdad was in the middle of the route of the traders from the
east and west but it is also an activity center and meeting center trading of
scholars from east and west.
Moreover, solidarity
between people is also emphasized by giving fair treatment to all nations as
Turkey, Persia and Arab and they are given the same rights to the position of
non-Muslims in country. People also given good service as long as they do not
betray the Islamic government independently practicing respectively.
5.0 IMPAIRMENT
OF GOVERNMENT FACTOR Abbasid
There are several factors that led to the fall of the
Abbasid Empire that governments can take lessons from him. The first factor
that caused the decline or collapse of Abbasid rule were the factors of the
government at the time. Abbasid government at that time under the rule of
Al-Wasiqm and he did not make any changes in the system of government under his
authority. He relied on Turkish officials to govern the country.
Because of this it causes no change in his al-wasiq
Al-Mutawakkil took over the throne of the kingdom and try to restore the glory
of the caliph administration without any intervention by the officers are of
Turkish and Persian. Unfortunately, he was unable to continue because of the
influence of Turkish and Persian so powerful mastering Abbasaiyah government
politics.
In addition, there are also other problems arise until the
fall of the Abbasid government rule. The problem is that it has split the
territory under the rule of the Abbasid government. This historic event
occurred at the end of the 9th century BC. The impact of these events has shown
that the caliph increasingly limited and it is a big negative influence of the
Abbasid government. As a result of this incident also led to many important
government posts are held by the Turks and Persians. It is the effect of these
nations taking steps to establish their own government and the influence and
impact of the worst of all is the collapse of the Abbasid state power.
In addition, every history of the ruling government must
have the problems associated with the power of government. Similarly occurred
in the reign of the Abbasid government. The problems that occur in connection
with the pursuit of power is there when the sons of al-Mutawakkil argue and
fight for power to be the ruler. Therefore, the Abbasid government weakened
from the administration and causing disunity Abbasid government.
Economics plays an important role
in forming a government that was strong and able to compete with other
governments that is already recognized its strong system of government.
Similarly, as required by the government to form a government of Islamic
Abbasid strong and respected by the world's population at the time. But due to
the economic crisis which hit caused the Abbasid government becomes unstable.
The effects of the economic crisis led to the emergence of problems riots and
protests in the glory days of the end of the Abbasid and thus interfere with
the development of the Abbasid government at the time.
Moreover, the impact of the economic crisis that hit cause
traders no longer travel to Baghdad and this resulted in the funds retained in
treasury more impaired compared with provisions issued.
In addition to the economic
crisis that hit the reign of the Abbasid government, there is also a school of
thought religious strife problems that arise unexpectedly. Rebellion often
occur on government reign of Abbasid rule, and this causes the system to be
disorganized and chaotic. The party responsible for the agenda of the Abbasid
revolt against the government is of the Shiite rebels. Moreover, there is also
another class of that generation who did Shi'a uprising of rebels from the
Kharijites. This is so because both the rebels are of the opinion that the
position of caliph only qualify held by leaders from among their group only.
This has led to the peace and tranquility of country life has been disrupted
and people in stressful conditions and life became uncertain direction.
Abbasid government also had to face attacks from the outside
who wish to see the glory of the Abbasid government plummeted and continue
down. At the end of the Abbasid reign, the enemies from the north, from Gorgia
and Armenia have invaded the Abbasid government and prompting the government to
become unstable. Moreover, the West has been attacking the government at the
time of Abbasid of the Crusades and the Mongolian government also attacked from
the east area of the Abbasid government. This causes the Abbasid government did
not last long and eventually fall and the end of the golden age of the Abbasid
government.
6.0 Progress
made by the Abbasids
Knowledge
translation
There is no doubt that
the Muslims at the beginning of the century was the birth of the Islamic
community studious and diligent pursuit of knowledge. Big factor occurs is
because Islam itself is always urged his followers to learn despite having
migrated to the remote region. Even Islam makes learning and seeking knowledge
is an obligatory item required. Although it is obligatory on the kifayah, but
old enough to be the main impetus towards it.
As we know that the
Prophet Muhammad is a messenger who can not read and write. Thus, after he left
no legacy of any books or other polar Treasures from the Holy Quran and Hadith.
But because of the encouragement from the Quran and the Hadith is very strong
ask Muslims to learn, and basically in general have been there in two different
books, then serious efforts have been undertaken in the face of adversity. They
learn by anyone who wants to teach them. They invite the best brains from all
races and religions and invite doctors from abroad to come to their school to
pay a lot of money and special treatment.
As for not having a
complete knowledge of books, then the books translated from foreign languages
on a large scale into Arabic. These translation tasks are important and are
considered as a source of Islamic thought in addition to the Quran and Hadith.
For this purpose, first had to learn the languages until they emerged among
intellectuals who can master multiple languages, such as Persian, Greek,
Hindu and others. Jabir bin Hayyan famous among Europeans with the name
"Geber" is one of the most reliable interpreter of Islam and
competently.
In addition, it is also a scientist and a
writer of distinction at the time of Abbasid government. Translation movement
reached its peak during the reign of Caliph al-following the imam should, where
there is a special academy in Baghdad erected for translation tasks. In this
academy important books translated from various languages into Arab language.
Yahya bin Masaweh was appointed as principle of the academy. He is also known
to have translated many medical books to the Caliph Harun al-Rashid.
In addition, as a
result of the efforts of the translation of the born Muslim scholars from the
Arabs who claim knowledge of foreign books translated. They were able to read
the most important books written by Hippocrates, Galen Plonlemy and other books
and reviews.
They then work hard at
all the centers of Islamic learning in the Muslim world at that time to develop
knowledge. Among the areas of knowledge that gets the focus is medical science,
astronomy, chemistry and others.
astronomy
In the field of astronomy, the Caliph al-following the imam
should a major precursor science research center set up by using the tools that
are already quite perfect and orderly in Baghdad. The aim is to learn the
movements of stars in the sky so they can see the description of the seasons
and the course of the wind, not as pre-Islamic astronomers of yore who seeks
out good luck and bad luck will befall a human.
Master of Science of Astronomy of the most brilliant in the time of
al-Khwarizmi. He had examined the books of knowledge in regards to the people
of India, Persia, Greece and Egypt, then give its opinion in accordance with
Islamic principles. With its Muslims are no longer much influenced by delusions
and myths of the past.
IMPAIRMENT OF GOVERNMENT FACTOR Abbasid
There are several
factors that led to the fall of the Abbasid Empire that governments can take
lessons from him. The first factor that caused the decline or collapse of
Abbasid rule were the factors of the government at the time. Abbasid government
at that time under the rule of Al-Wasiqm and he did not make any changes in the
system of government under his authority. Youth rely on Turkish officials to
govern the country.
Because of this it
causes no change in his al-wasiq Al-Mutawakkil took over the throne of the
kingdom and try to restore the glory of the caliph administration without any
intervention by the officers are of Turkish and Persian. Unfortunately, he was
unable to continue because of the influence of Turkish and Persian so powerful
mastering Abbasaiyah government politics.
In addition, there are
also other problems arise until the occurrence of the toppling of the
government is that it has a split Abbasiyah. Problem territories under the rule
of the Abbasid government. This historic event occurred at the end of the 9th
century BC. The impact of these events has shown that the caliph increasingly
limited and it is a big negative influence of the Abbasid government. As a
result of this incident also led to many important government posts are held by
the Turks and Persians. It is the effect of these nations taking steps to
establish their own government and the influence and impact of the worst of all
is the collapse of the Abbasid state power.
In addition, every
history of the ruling government must have the problems associated with the
power of government. Similarly occurred in the reign of the Abbasid government.
The problems that occur in connection with the pursuit of power is there when
the sons of al-Mutawakkil argue and fight for power to be the ruler. Therefore,
the Abbasid government weakened from the administration and causing disunity
Abbasid government.
Economics plays an
important role in forming a government that was strong and able to compete with
other governments that is already recognized its strong system of government.
Similarly, as required by the government to form a government of Islamic Abbasid
strong and respected by the world's population at the time itu.Tetapi due to
the economic downturn that hit cause Abbasid government becomes unstable. The
effects of the economic crisis led to the emergence of problems riots and
protests in the glory days of the end of the Abbasid and thus interfere with
the development of the Abbasid government at the time.
Moreover, the impact
of the economic crisis that hit cause traders no longer travel to Baghdad and
this resulted in the funds retained in treasury more impaired compared with
provisions issued.
In addition to the
economic crisis that hit the reign of the Abbasid government, there is also a
school of thought religious strife problems that arise unexpectedly. Rebellion
often occur on government reign of Abbasid rule, and this causes the system to
be disorganized and chaotic. The party responsible for the agenda of the
Abbasid revolt against the government is of the Shiite rebels.
Moreover, there is
also another class of that generation who did Shi'a uprising of rebels from the
Kharijites as both the rebels are of the opinion that the position of caliph is
entitled held by leaders from among their group only. This has led to the peace
and tranquility of country life has been disrupted and people in stressful
conditions and life became uncertain direction.
Abbasid government
also had to face attacks from the outside who wish to see the glory of the
Abbasid government plummeted and continue down. At the end of the Abbasid
reign, the enemies from the north, from Gorgia and Armenia have invaded the
Abbasid government and prompting the government to become unstable.
Moreover, the West has
been attacking the government at the time of Abbasid of the Crusades and the
Mongolian government from the east also attack Abbasid government. This causes
the Abbasid government did not last long and eventually fall and the end of the
golden age of the Abbasid government
6.0 Progress
made by the Abbasids
Knowledge translation
There is no doubt that
the Muslims at the beginning of the century was the birth of the Islamic
community studious and diligent pursuit of knowledge. Large factor occurs is
because Islam itself is always urged his followers to learn despite having
migrated to the remote region. Even Islam makes learning and seeking knowledge
is an obligatory item required. Although it is obligatory on the farhdu
kifayah, but old enough to be the main impetus towards the direction of the.
As we know that the
Prophet Muhammad is a messenger who can not read and write. Thus, after he left
no legacy of any books or other polar Treasures from the Holy Quran and Hadith.
But because of the encouragement from the Quran and the Hadith is very strong
ask Muslims to learn, and basically in general have been there in two different
books, then serious efforts have been undertaken in the face of adversity. They
learn by anyone who wants to teach them. They invite the best brains from all
races and religions and invite doctors from abroad to come to their school to
pay a lot of money and special treatment.
As for not having a
complete knowledge of books, then the books translated from foreign languages
on a large scale into Arabic. These translation tasks are important and are
considered as a source of Islamic thought in addition to the Quran and Hadith.
For this purpose, first had to learn the languages until they emerged among
intellectuals who can master multiple languages, such as Persian, Greek,
Hindu and others. Jabir bin Hayyan famous among Europeans with the name
"Geber" is one of the most reliable interpreter of Islam and
competently. In addition, it is also a scientist and a writer of distinction at
the time of Abbasid government.
Translation movement
reached its peak during the reign of Caliph al-following the imaam should,
where there is a special academy in Baghdad erected for translation tasks. In
this academy important books translated from various languages into Arabic.
Yahya bin Masaweh was appointed as pengetuai academy. He is also known to have
translated many medical books to the Caliph Harun al-Rashid.
In addition, as a
result of the efforts of the translation of the born Muslim scholars from the
Arabs who claim knowledge of foreign books translated. They were able to read
the most important books written by Hippocrates, Galen Plonlemy and other books
and reviews.
They then work hard at
all the centers of Islamic learning in the Muslim world at that time to develop
knowledge. Among the areas of knowledge that gets the focus is medical science,
astronomy, chemistry and others.
astronomy
In the field of
astronomy, the Caliph al-following the imaam should a major precursor science
research center set up by using the tools that are already quite perfect and
orderly in Baghdad. The aim is to learn the movements of stars in the sky so
they can see the description of the seasons and the course of the wind, not as
pre-Islamic astronomers of yore who seeks out good luck and bad luck will
befall a human.
Master of Science of
Astronomy at that time was al-Khwarizmi. He had examined the books of knowledge
in regards to the people of India, Persia, Greece and Egypt, then give its
opinion in accordance with Islamic principles. With its Muslims are no longer
much influenced by delusions and myths of the past
7.0 ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT Abbasid
Economic development
at the time the government began in the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Abu Jafar
al-Mansur. At that time, he moved the government of Damascus to Baghdad, and
that is where the built and the onset of Baghdad. It was built adjacent to the
Tigris (Tigris) and the shape of a circle and has four doors. Baghdad at the
time it was built, surrounded fortresses built strong and the middle of the
main mosque of al-Mansur.
From Baghdad privileges Economically
Baghdad is a place or
a location that is very special in terms of the economy. This is so because of
its strategic location and it was a trade route for traders from the East and
the West. Moreover, Baghdad is also a market known as Suk Baghdad 'which is the
focus of traders from Persia. In addition, there are also agricultural and
livestock farms and there is also a market known as Suk al-Baqar.
Home Resource Finance Abbasid Period
The main source of
finance at the time of Abbasid government was divided into three. The first
source is the result of the commercial activities which is more profitable and
financially able to add more time to be stable and is used for development.
The second major source of revenue is a lot of industrial fruitful and provide
employment opportunities to local residents.
The third major
source is from the agricultural sector. Is already known that the agricultural
sector makes for a bountiful harvest. It is therefore not surprising that the
agricultural sector is one of the three main sources of the Abbasid government
finances at the time.
8.0 Conclusion
Having lived through
and learned from the story of the glory of the Abbasid government many lessons
and what can be learned from it. Among them is a lot of scientific and
technological progress Europe is taken from the time of the Abbasid dizzying
crusaders battle with the west.
In addition, the characteristics of the fortress also taken lessons from
military techniques and the knowledge of the military in fighting with
Continental
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